ABSTRACT
Background:Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic state characterized by a decrease in cellular ability to respond to insulin signaling, which contribute to pathophysiological mechanism in the development of all metabolic complication of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The aim of thestudy wasto match categorized values of patient’s biochemical predisposing factors for polycystic ovaries such as insulin with change in follicular sizes as determined by sonography following CLOMID inducement therapy. Methods:This experimental study was carried out in Anambra State, Nigeria from June 2018 to May 2021.Those included in the study were women of child bearing age (18 to 45 years) for both groups. The ultrasound examinations and insulin levels measurements were performed on each subject and data such as follicular sizes, insulin levels before and after treatment were recorded. Obtained data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Results:There were no statistically significant mean differences in the insulin levels (t=1.16, p=0.81) and maximal follicular size (t=0.39, p=0.70) of women with and without polycystic ovary who had successful and failed ovulation before the clomid treatment. Both the insulin level (t=2.85, p<0.01) and follicular size (t=4.88, p<0.01) showed statistically significant mean differences. There was significant difference in insulin (F=7.55, p<0.01), with the control having the lowest insulin concentration. Conclusions: There were statistically significant mean differences in the insulin level and follicular size in women with polycystic ovary after clomid treatment. Therefore, clomiphene citrate inducement triggers increase in serum concentration of insulin.
ABSTRACT
Background: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is an important diagnostic procedure in the investigation of infertility. It is the radiographic delineation of uterine and tubal cavities and is part of the diagnostic evaluation of conjugal infertility.1 This diagnostic procedure is associated with high levels of anxiety, pain and stress from various causes. This study was designed to investigate the impact of demographic and psychosocial factors on HSG pain and discomfort. Method: One hundred hysterosalpingography referrals were recruited for this study. Verbal detector scales were used to assess pain perception, Likert scales were used to assess the psychosocial variables, while visual analogue scales were used to assess discomfort. Pearson's correlations were conducted. Tests were two-tailed, with p < 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results: Some of the patients (34%) indicated that the administration of analgesics prior to the procedure reduced the pain and discomfort associated with the procedure. Mean ± standard deviation of pain and discomfort were 2.82 ± 0.77 and 6.36 ± 2.19 respectively. Age correlated signifi cantly with pain perception (r = -0.22, P < 0.05), while pain correlated signifi cantly with perception of discomfort(r = -0.46, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Age signifi cantly correlated with pain. This is a factor that could be harnessed for clinical use